ABSTRACT
The cultivation and production of cucumber are seriously affected by downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Downy mildew damages leaves, stems and inflorescences, and then reduces the yield and quality of cucumber. This review summarized the research advances in cucumber downy mildew, including pathogen detection and defense pathways, regulatory factors, mining of pathogens-resistant candidate genes, proteomic and genomic analysis, and development of QTL remarks. This review may facilitate clarifying the resistance mechanisms of cucumber to downy mildew.
Subject(s)
Cucumis sativus/genetics , Oomycetes/genetics , Peronospora , Plant Diseases/genetics , ProteomicsABSTRACT
Flowering is a critical transitional stage during plant growth and development, and is closely related to seed production and crop yield. The flowering transition is regulated by complex genetic networks, whereas many flowering-related genes generate multiple transcripts through alternative splicing to regulate flowering time. This paper summarizes the molecular mechanisms of alternative splicing in regulating plant flowering from several perspectives, future research directions are also envisioned.
Subject(s)
Alternative Splicing/genetics , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Flowers/geneticsABSTRACT
HDA9, a member of the deacetylase family, plays a vital role in regulating plant flowering time through flowering integrator SOC1 and AGL24. However, it remains elusive how HDA9 interacts with SOC1 and AGL24 in flowering time control. Here, HDA9 was cloned in Brassica juncea and then its three active sites were separately replaced with Ala via overlap extension PCR. Thus, mutants of HDA9(D172A), HDA9(H174A) and HDA9(D261A) were constructed and fused into the pGADT7 vector. The yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that HDA9 mutants remained the interactions with the promoters of SOC1 and AGL24. Furthermore, the aforementioned results were confirmed in the dual luciferase assays. Interestingly, the DNA-protein interactions were weakened significantly due to the mutation in the three active sites of HDA9. It suggested that flowering signal integrator SOC1 and AGL24 were regulated by the key amino acid residues of 172th, 174th and 261th in HDA9. Our results provide valuable information for the in-depth study of the biological function and molecular regulation of HDA9 in Brassica juncea flowering time control.
Subject(s)
Flowers , Genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genetics , Mustard Plant , Genetics , Mutation , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the risk distribution of breast cancer for location and time of recurrence metastasis in molecular subtype.Methods We studied retrospectively the female patients who were diagnosed as invasive ductal breast cancer in our hospital from July 2004 to June 2012,detected ER,PR,and HER2 expressions in the paraffin sections.The patients with recurrence metastasis were divided into local recurrence and distant metastasis with the first transfer site as standard for analyzing the distribution in molecular subtype and the time of the first site of recurrence metastasis.Results Sixty two patients were encountered recurrence metastasis,including 23 patients with local recurrence,and 39 patients with distant metastasis,death 11.The rates of distant metastasis for patients who belonged to HER2 type and basal-like type were higher than that of local recurrence (P =0.01,P =0.001).The risk distribution of recurrence metastasis time in molecular recurrence metastasis showed that 35 percent of recurrence metastasis time of luminal A type was first 3 years,75 percent of molecular subtype of basa1-1ike type recurrence metastasis time in first 3 years and advanced.The peak of luminal B and HER2 type was first 3 years,and very low in 5 years.Conclusions Molecular subtype of breast cancer is an important complement for TNM method in accurately assessing the patients of recurrence metastasis for location and time,and is helpful for the individual screening of patients for recurrence metastasis.